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SCIENCE

The definition of science is "knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method concerned with the physical world."

What does that really mean?

Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena.

The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge people have gained using that system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it.

The purpose of science is to produce useful models of reality.

Most scientific investigations use some form of the scientific method.

Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:

 Natural sciences, the study of the natural world, and

 Social sciences, the systematic study of human behavior and society

Types of science:

Psychology which is the study of mind and behavior andseeks to understand individuals and groups by establishinggeneral principles and researching specific cases.
Astronomy, a natural science, is the study of celestialobjects (such as stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids,comets and nebulae) and processes (such as supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts).
Physics is the natural science that involves the study ofmatter and its motion through space and time, along withrelated concepts such as energy and force.
Paleontology is the scientific study of life roughly 11,700years before present.
Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies thecomposition, structure, properties and change of matter.
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of lifeand living organisms, including their structure, function,growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

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TECHNOLOGY

Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes for the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be embedded in machines, computers, devices and factories, which can be operated by individuals without detailed knowledge of the workings of such things.

Technology has many effects. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class.

The distinction between science, engineering and technology is not always clear.

Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.

Innovation, a result of technology, is a new idea, more effective device or process. Innovation can be viewed as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements, unarticulated needs, or existing market needs.

High technology, often abbreviated to high tech is technology that is at the cutting edge: the most advanced technology available. Products currently considered high tech are often those that incorporate advanced computer electronics. However, there is no specific class of technology that is high tech, so products hyped as high-tech in the past may now be considered to have everyday or dated technology.

A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.

Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, and many more still are being created every year. Many programming languages require computation to be specified in an imperative form (i.e., as a sequence of operations to perform), while other languages use other forms of program specification such as the declarative form (i.e. the desired result is specified, not how to achieve it).

The description of a programming language is usually split into two components:

Form
Meaning

Some languages are defined by a specification document (for example, the C programming language is specified by an ISO Standard), while other languages (such as Perl) have a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference.

ENGINEERING

Engineering is the application of mathematics, scientific and practical knowledge in order to invent and improve technology.

One who practices engineering is called an engineer.

They are four basic categories of engineering.

Chemical engineering – The application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes such as petroleum refining, microfabrication, fermentation, and biomolecule production.
Civil engineering – The design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure, bridges, dams, and buildings.
Electrical engineering – The design, study and manufacture of various electrical and electronic systems, such as generators, motors, electronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications.
Mechanical engineering – The design and manufacture of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace products, weapon systems, engines.

These and other branches of engineering are represented in the 36 institutions forming the membership of the UK Engineering Council.

Engineers use their knowledge and appropriate experience to find suitable solutions to a problem. Creating an appropriate mathematical model, and to test potential solutions.

Usually multiple reasonable solutions exist, so engineers must evaluate the different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best meets their requirements.

Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production.

Engineers take on the responsibility of producing designs that will perform as well as expected and will not cause unintended harm to the public at large. Engineers typically include a factor of safety in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure. However, the greater the safety factor, the less efficient the design may be.

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MATHEMATICS

Mathematics are the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics.

Mathematicians seek out patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof. When mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects.

Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics. Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, without having any application in mind.

Gauss referred to mathematics as "the Queen of the Sciences". Whereas Albert Einstein stated that "as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality".

Mathematics can, be subdivided into these main concepts:

Study of quantity
Structure
Space
Change (i.e. arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and analysis)
Logic
Set theory (foundations)
The empirical mathematics of the various sciences (applied mathematics)
The rigorous study of uncertainty.

In contemporary education, mathematics education is the practice of teaching and learning mathematics, along with the associated scholarly research.

Researchers in mathematics education are primarily concerned with the tools, methods and approaches that facilitate practice or the study of practice.

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